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<title>Classical Realism</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the art movement. For its use in international relations, see <a href="Classical_realism_(international_relations)" title="Classical realism (international relations)">Classical realism (international relations)</a>.</div>

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<p><b>Classical Realism</b> is an artistic movement in the late-20th and early 21st century in which <a href="Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a> and <a href="Painting" title="Painting">painting</a> place a high value upon <a href="Skill" title="Skill">skill</a> and <a href="Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a>, combining elements of 19th-century <a href="Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassicism</a> and <a href="Realism_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (visual arts)">realism</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div>

<p>The term "Classical Realism" first appeared as a description of literary style, as in an 1882 criticism of <a href="John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>'s poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its usage relating to the visual arts dates back to at least 1905 in a reference to <a href="Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>'s paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originated as the title of a contemporary but traditional artistic movement with Richard Lack (1928–2009), who was a pupil of Boston artist <a href="R._H._Ives_Gammell" title="R. H. Ives Gammell">R. H. Ives Gammell</a> (1893–1981) during the early 1950s. Ives Gammell had studied with <a href="William_McGregor_Paxton" title="William McGregor Paxton">William McGregor Paxton</a> (1869–1941) and Paxton had studied with 19th-century French artist, <a href="Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a> (1824–1904). In 1967 Lack established Atelier Lack, a studio-school of fine art patterned after the ateliers of 19th-century Paris and the teaching of the Boston impressionists. By 1980 he had trained a significant group of young painters. In 1982, they organized a traveling exhibition of their work and that of other artists within the artistic tradition represented by Gammell, Lack and their students. Lack was asked by Vern Swanson, director of the <a href="Springville_Museum_of_Art" title="Springville Museum of Art">Springville Museum of Art</a>, <a href="Springville%2C_Utah" title="Springville, Utah">Springville, Utah</a>, (the exhibition's originating venue), to coin a term that would differentiate the realism of the heirs of the Boston tradition from that of other representational artists. Although he was reluctant to label this work, Lack chose the expression "Classical Realism." It was first used in the title of that exhibition: <i>Classical Realism: The Other Twentieth Century</i>. The term, "Classical Realism", was originally intended to describe work that combined the fine drawing and design of the European academic tradition as exemplified by Gérôme with the observed color values of the American Boston tradition as exemplified by Paxton.

</p><p>In 1985 Atelier Lack began publishing the <i>Classical Realism Quarterly</i>, featuring articles written by Richard Lack and his students to educate and inform the public about traditional representational painting. In 1988 Lack and several associates founded The American Society of Classical Realism, a society organized to preserve and promote fine representational art. The ASCR functioned until 2005 and published the influential <i>Classical Realism Journal</i> and <i>Classical Realism Newsletter.</i>

</p><p>In a separate vein, another major contributor to the revival of traditional drawing and painting knowledge is the painter and art instructor Ted Seth Jacobs (born 1927), who taught students at the <a href="Art_Students_League_of_New_York" title="Art Students League of New York">Art Students League</a> and the <a href="New_York_Academy_of_Art" title="New York Academy of Art">New York Academy of Art</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-jacobs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their lineage is rooted in the <a href="Acad%C3%A9mie_Julian" title="Académie Julian">Académie Julian</a>, the Golden Age of Illustration in New York, and the School of Paris. In 1987 Ted Seth Jacobs created his own art school, L'Ecole Albert Defois in Les Cerqueux sous Passavant, France (49). Many of Jacobs' students such as Anthony Ryder and Jacob Collins became influential teachers and acquired their own student following.<sup id="cite_ref-ryder_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryder-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_philosophy">Style and philosophy</h2></div>

<p>Classical Realism is characterized by love for the visible world and the great traditions of Western art, including <a href="Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a>, <a href="Realism_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (visual arts)">Realism</a> and <a href="Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>. The movement's aesthetic is classical in that it exhibits a preference for order, beauty, harmony and completeness; it is realist because its primary subject matter comes from the representation of nature based on the artist's observation.<sup id="cite_ref-lack_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lack-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists in this genre strive to draw and paint from the direct observation of nature, and eschew the use of photography or other mechanical aids. In this regard, Classical Realism differs from the art movements of <a href="Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a> and <a href="Hyperrealism_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperrealism (painting)">Hyperrealism</a>, as well as from industry methods as used in disciplines such as <a href="Concept_art" title="Concept art">concept art</a>. Stylistically, classical realists employ methods used by both <a href="Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">Impressionist</a> and <a href="Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic artists</a>.

</p><p>Classical Realist painters have attempted to restore curricula of training that develop a sensitive, artistic eye and methods of representing nature that pre-date <a href="Modern_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Art">Modern Art</a>. They seek to create paintings that are personal, expressive, beautiful, and skillful. Their subject matter includes all of the traditional categories within Western Art: <a href="Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">figurative</a>, landscape, portraiture, indoor and outdoor genre and <a href="Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a> paintings.

</p><p>A central idea of Classical Realism is the belief that the <a href="Modern_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Art">Modern Art</a> movements of the 20th century opposed the tenets and production of traditional art and caused a general loss of the skills and methods needed to produce it. Modernism was antagonistic to art as it was conceived by the Greeks, resurrected in the <a href="Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and carried on by the academies of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-P1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical Realist artists attempt to revive the idea of art production as it was traditionally understood: mastery of a craft in order to make objects that gratify and ennoble those who see them.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This craftsmanship is then applied to drawing, painting or sculpting contemporary subjects which the artist observes in the modern world.

</p><p>Like the 19th-century academic models from which it derives inspiration, the movement has drawn criticism for the premium placed upon technical performance, a tendency toward contrived and idealized depictions of the figure, and rhetorical overstatement when applied to epic narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-P1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maureen Mullarkey of the <i><a href="New_York_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Sun">New York Sun</a></i> referred to the school as "a contemporary style with retro appeal—like Chrysler's PT Cruiser".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools">Schools</h2></div>

<p>The Classical Realist movement is currently sustained through art schools based on the <a href="Atelier_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Atelier Method">Atelier Method</a>. Many present-day academies and ateliers follow the <a href="Charles_Bargue" title="Charles Bargue">Charles Bargue</a> drawing course. Richard Lack is generally regarded as the founder of the contemporary atelier movement. His school, Atelier Lack, was founded in 1969 and became a model for similar schools.<sup id="cite_ref-atelier_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atelier-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These modern ateliers are founded with the goal of revitalizing art education by reintroducing rigorous training in traditional drawing and painting techniques, employing teaching methodologies that were used in the <a href="%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts" title="École des Beaux-Arts">École des Beaux-Arts</a>. These schools pass on a method of instruction which melds formal <a href="Academic_art" title="Academic art">academic art</a> training with the influence of the French <a href="Impressionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionists">Impressionists</a>.

</p><p>Under the atelier model, art students study in the studio of an established master to learn how to <a href="Drawing" title="Drawing">draw</a> and <a href="Paint" title="Paint">paint</a> with realistic accuracy and an emphasis on rendering form convincingly. The foundation of these programs rests on an intensive study of the human figure, renderings of plaster casts of <a href="Classical_sculpture" title="Classical sculpture">classical sculpture</a>, and the emulation of their instructors. The goal is to make students adept at observation, theory, and craft while absorbing classical ideals of beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-atelier_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atelier-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atelier_schools">Atelier schools</h2></div>

<p>Atelier schools founded in this tradition include (in chronological order of founding):

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Jan_Matejko_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts">Kraków Academy of Fine Arts</a>, Krakow, Poland (1818)</li>

<li><a href="Laguna_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="Laguna College of Art and Design">Laguna College of Art and Design</a>, Laguna Beach, California (1961)</li>

<li><a href="Atelier_Lack." class="mw-redirect" title="Atelier Lack.">Atelier Lack.</a>, Minneapolis, Minnesota, (1969)</li>

<li><a href="Lyme_Academy_College_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts">Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts</a>, Old Lyme, Connecticut (1976)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_H._Cecil_Studios" title="Charles H. Cecil Studios">Charles H. Cecil Studios</a>, Florence, Italy (1983)</li>

<li><a href="Gage_Academy_of_Art" title="Gage Academy of Art">Gage Academy of Art</a>, Seattle, Washington, (1989)</li>

<li><a href="Florence_Academy_of_Art" title="Florence Academy of Art">The Florence Academy of Art</a>, Florence, Italy and Jersey City, New Jersey (1991)</li>

<li><a href="Academy_of_Classical_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Classical Design">Academy of Classical Design</a>, Southern Pines, North Carolina, (2000)</li>

<li><a href="Grand_Central_Academy_of_Art" title="Grand Central Academy of Art">The Grand Central Atelier</a>, Long Island City, New York (2006)</li>

<li>Samsara Academy of Art, Hyderabad, India (2019)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_artists">Notable artists</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="William_McGregor_Paxton" title="William McGregor Paxton">William McGregor Paxton</a> (1869-1941), painter</li>

<li><a href="R._H._Ives_Gammell" title="R. H. Ives Gammell">R. H. Ives Gammell</a> (1893-1981), painter, author</li>

<li><a href="Pietro_Annigoni" title="Pietro Annigoni">Pietro Annigoni</a> (1910–1988), painter</li>

<li><a href="Everett_Raymond_Kinstler" class="mw-redirect" title="Everett Raymond Kinstler">Everett Raymond Kinstler</a> (1926-2019), painter</li>

<li><a href="Richard_F._Lack" title="Richard F. Lack">Richard F. Lack </a> (1928-2009), painter, author</li>

<li><a href="Harvey_Dinnerstein" title="Harvey Dinnerstein">Harvey Dinnerstein</a> (1928-2022), painter</li>

<li><a href="Burton_Silverman" title="Burton Silverman">Burton Silverman</a> (born 1928), painter</li>

<li><a href="Richard_Schmid" title="Richard Schmid">Richard Schmid</a> (1934-2021), painter</li>

<li><a href="Samizu_Matsuki" title="Samizu Matsuki">Samizu Matsuki</a> (1936–2018), painter</li>

<li><a href="Nelson_Shanks" title="Nelson Shanks">Nelson Shanks</a> (1937–2015), painter</li>

<li><a href="Richard_Whitney_(artist)" title="Richard Whitney (artist)">Richard Whitney</a> (born 1946), painter, author</li>

<li><a href="Ned_Bittinger" title="Ned Bittinger">Ned Bittinger</a> (born 1951), painter</li>

<li><a href="D._Jeffrey_Mims" title="D. Jeffrey Mims">D. Jeffrey Mims</a> (born 1954), painter</li>

<li><a href="Raymond_Persinger" title="Raymond Persinger">Raymond Persinger</a> (born 1959), sculptor</li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Collins" title="Jacob Collins">Jacob Collins</a> (born 1964), painter</li>

<li><a href="Igor_Babailov" title="Igor Babailov">Igor Babailov</a> (born 1965), painter</li>

<li><a href="Graydon_Parrish" title="Graydon Parrish">Graydon Parrish</a> (born 1970), painter</li>

<li><a href="Abbey_Ryan" title="Abbey Ryan">Abbey Ryan</a> (born 1979), painter</li>

<li><a href="Richard_T._Scott" title="Richard T. Scott">Richard T. Scott</a> (born 1980), painter</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Birch, <i>The Educational Times</i>. Vol. 35, No. 249, January 1, 1882, page 294.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahler, Arthur; Blacker; Carlos; Slater, William Albert. <i>Paintings of the Louvre, Italian and Spanish</i>, Doubleday, 1905, page 26.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-jacobs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jacobs_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, Ted Seth. <i>Light for the Artist</i>, Watson-Guptill Pubns (June 1988), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8230-2768-6</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ryder-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ryder_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryder, Anthony. <i>The Artist's Complete Guide to Figure Drawing: A Contemporary Perspective on the Classical Tradition</i>, Watson-Guptill; 1st edition (June 1, 1999), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8230-0303-5</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-lack-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lack_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gjertson, Stephen. <i>Richard F. Lack: An American Master</i>, American Society of Classical Realism: 2001, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-9636180-3-2</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-P1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPanero2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Panero, James (September 2006). "The New Old School". <i><a href="The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i>. Vol. 25. p. 104.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimball, Roger: "Why the Art World Is a Disaster", <i>The New Criterion</i>, Volume 25, June 2007, page 4.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaureen_Mullarkey2006" class="citation news cs1">Maureen Mullarkey (October 12, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysun.com/arts/nothing-left-to-hide/41413/">"Nothing Left To Hide"</a>. <i><a href="New_York_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Sun">New York Sun</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-atelier-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atelier_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atelier_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristedes, Juliette. <i>Classical Drawing Atelier: A Contemporary Guide to Traditional Studio Practice</i>, Watson-Guptill Publications: 2006. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8230-0657-3</bdi></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aristos.org/aris-06/lack.htm">The Legacy of Richard Lack</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfaoi.com/cm/4cm/4cm335.pdf">Slow Painting: A Deliberate Renaissance</a> (Oglethorpe University Museum of Art, 2006)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br>(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li>

<li><a href="Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li>

<li><a href="Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li>

<li><a href="Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li>

<li><a href="Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li>

<li><a href="Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li>

<li><a href="Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li>

<li><a href="Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a>

<ul><li><a href="Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li>

<li><a href="Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li>

<li><a href="Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li>

<li><a href="Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li>

<li><a href="Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li>

<li><a href="Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a>

<ul><li><a href="Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li>

<li><a href="Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li>

<li><a href="Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li>

<li><a href="Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li>

<li><a href="Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li>

<li><a href="Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_school" title="Moscow school">Moscow school</a></li>

<li><a href="Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir-Suzdal_school" title="Vladimir-Suzdal school">Vladimir-Suzdal school</a></li>

<li><a href="Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li>

<li>Medieval <a href="History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li>

<li><a href="Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a>

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a>

<ul><li><a href="School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a>

<ul><li><a href="High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a>

<ul><li><a href="World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li>

<li><a href="Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li>

<li><a href="Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li>

<li><a href="School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baroque_in_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li>

<li><a href="Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li>

<li><a href="Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a>

<ul><li><a href="Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a>

<ul><li><a href="Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li>

<li><a href="Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li>

<li><a href="Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li>

<li><i><a href="F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>

<li><a href="Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li>

<li><a href="Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Art of the <a href="African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>

<ul><li><a href="African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li>

<li><a href="Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a>

<ul><li><a href="Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li>Colonial Asian art

<ul><li><a href="Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a>

<ul><li><a href="Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li>

<li><a href="Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li>

<li><a href="Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li>

<li><a href="Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br>Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li>

<li><a href="Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li>

<li><a href="Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li>

<li>Western influence in <a href="Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br>to modern</a><br>(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li>

<li><a href="Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a>

<ul><li><a href="Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li>

<li><a href="Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li>

<li><a href="Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li>

<li><a href="Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li>

<li><a href="Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a>

<ul><li><a href="Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br>(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li>

<li><a href="Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li>

<li><a href="Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li>

<li><a href="Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">Symbolism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li>

<li><a href="Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li>

<li><a href="Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a>

<ul><li><a href="California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>

<ul><li><a href="Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li>

<li><a href="California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li>

<li><a href="School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a>

<ul><li><a href="Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li>

<li><a href="Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li>

<li><a href="Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li>

<li><a href="Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li>

<li><a href="Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li>

<li><a href="Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li>

<li><a href="Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li>

<li><a href="Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li>

<li><a href="Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li>

<li><a href="Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li>

<li><a href="School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li>

<li><a href="Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li>

<li><a href="Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a>

<ul><li><a href="Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li>

<li><a href="Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a>

<ul><li><a href="November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li>

<li><a href="Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li>

<li><a href="Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li>

<li><a href="Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Group_(New_Zealand_art)" title="The Group (New Zealand art)">The Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li>

<li><a href="Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li>

<li><a href="Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br>and <a href="Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br>(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li>

<li><a href="Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li>

<li><a href="Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li>

<li><a href="Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li>

<li><a href="COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li>

<li><a href="Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li>

<li><a href="Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li>

<li><a href="Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a>

<li><a href="New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li>

<li><a href="Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li>

<li><a href="Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li>

<li><a href="Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li>

<li><a href="Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li>

<li><a href="Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li>

<li><a href="Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li>

<li><a href="Institutional_critique" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a>

<li><a href="Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_visual_art" title="Artificial intelligence visual art">Artificial intelligence visual art</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li>

<li><a href="Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li>

<li><a href="Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li>

<li><a href="Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li>

<li><a href="Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li>

<li><a href="Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li>

<li><a href="Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li>

<li><a href="Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li>

<li><a href="New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li>

<li><a href="Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a></li>

<li><a href="Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li>

<li><a href="Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li>

<li><a href="Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li>

<li><a href="Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li>

<li><a href="Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li>

<li><a href="Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Apartment_Art" title="Chinese Apartment Art">Chinese Apartment Art</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br>present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li>

<li><a href="Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li>

<li><a href="Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li>

<li><a href="Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li>

<li><a href="Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li>

<li><a href="Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li>

<li><a href="Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li>

<li><a href="Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li>

<li><a href="Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li>

<li><a href="Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a>

<ul><li><a href="SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li>

<li><a href="Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li>

<li><a href="Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li>

<li><a href="Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li>

<li><a href="Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li>

<li><a href="Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li>

<li><a href="History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li>

<li><a href="Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li>

<li><a href="Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li>

<li><a href="Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li>

<li><a href="Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li>

<li><a href="Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li>

<li><a href="Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li>

<li><a href="Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Trompe-l'%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-15" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Classical_Realism&oldid=1285781023">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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